Budget of Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) free essay sample

Federal budget process applied to EPA. Proposed 1997 budget, focusing on need for cost of toxic site cleanup, liability, remediation decisions, impact of budgetary constraints. This research analyzes the federal budget process as that process applies to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The findings of this analysis are presented within the contexts of (1) functional identification, (2) the proposed budget for the 1997 fiscal year, (3) change in budget and budget debate issues, and (4) budgetary implications. Functional Identification The EPA is charged with implementing federal environmental protection laws, and the agency is charged with monitoring activity and enforcing compliance with those laws. National polls consistently reflect strong and widespread support for the environment.

DBQ ESSAY essays

DBQ ESSAY essays Children in society today, as many centuries ago, are shaped by the opinions thrust forth upon them by the adults they live alongside. Experiences of most children in the 16th through 18th centuries were shaped by the differing and continuous views of the adults they were living with in their certain time periods. Adult views and their subsequent effects on children were all changing in the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries. In the sixteenth century adults had a pessimistic view of children, and therefore treated them harshly, while expecting many things out of them. Robert Clever, a Calvinist, whom was influenced by his religon concerning how children should be treated, points out that children are born with a wrong doing heart and are drawn towards evil (1). This man, of the upper class points out the lack of trust between the adult and the child, and how children need to be shown to be good via education, but that until then the child is evil. Lady Jane Grey recalls upon her experiences in the 1530s as having to be perfect around adults and having to do things to the utmost standards, or else she would have physical punishment inflicted upon her. This shows all that was expected of children and the consequences of their failure to achieve this ideal set forth by the adults. Lastly, in the sixteenth centuries, the pessimistic view of children resulted in their harsh treatment because, as Bartholo mew Batty pointed out in 1581 how parents beat their children, inflicting discipline in violent ways, which shows the violent and harsh disciplinary actions put forth on the children during this time. Because of the negative thought towards children in the sixteenth century, they were treated violently and punished harshly. In the seventeenth century, more positive adult views towards children at the time emerged, and less seemed to be expected of children, as they were given more room for error ...

Discuss the effect of tourism on Portsmouth's Economy Essay

Discuss the effect of tourism on Portsmouth's Economy - Essay Example The large shopping areas in Portsmouth include the Ocean Retail Park on the North-Eastern side of Portsmouth. There are large shopping areas which incorporate tourists in large sections and also provide attractive facilities to the tourists. Effect of tourism on Portsmouth’s Economy The city of Portsmouth witnessed a high number of 638000 staying trips made by the tourists in 2010. This shows the huge volume of tourism in the city of Portsmouth out of which 547000 trips were made by the domestic tourists of Portsmouth and 91000 staying trips were by the overseas tourists. The increasing number of tourists in the city of Portsmouth could be attributed to the major attractions of the city in welcoming tourists to visit the place. The tourists visit Portsmouth in order to enjoy the naval history of the place. The increase in tourism resulted in the rise of inflow of tourists for visiting the D-Day Museum, the Royal Naval Museum, etc. The increasing number of tourists visiting Por tsmouth has impacted the economy of Portsmouth in several ways in the positive direction which has been explained as follows. Due to the increase in the number of tourists in Portsmouth, the level of spending in the economy increased. The tourists brought in huge funds for spending in Portsmouth. These funds were spent for meeting the expenses of tourism, day trips, night trips, accommodation in Portsmouth, food and shopping, etc. The visitors staying in Portsmouth have spent a total of 130.6 million pound sterling during their trips in 2010. This is an increase of the funds spent through tourism activities by 4.1% as compared to 2008. The day trips made to the Gunwharf Quay increased by 5.5% in 2010 as compared to the footfall in 2008. This generated an additional expenditure of 8% in 2010 as compared to the figures of 2008 amounting to 269.9 million pound sterling. The increasing expenditure by the tourists was due to the increasing demand from the tourists in consuming essential and luxury products during their trips to Portsmouth. The high amount of funds spent by the visitors led to the injection of additional liquidity in the economy of Portsmouth. The increase in the liquidity led to the rise in the income level of population as compared to the earlier years. The people of Portsmouth experienced a rise in their purchasing power and the potential to invest more in the economic and commercial activities. This led to the changes in the style of livelihood and the people began to open up in terms of their spending limits by accepting the forces of change. The activities of tourism result in the exchange of culture between the city of Portsmouth and the other cities as well as the overseas culture. The habits of the domestic people also started to undergo changes due to the flourishing industry of tourism. Overall, there was a trend of development in the livelihood of the people of Portsmouth due to the economic advancements on account of the increasing acti vities of tourism over the last decade. The developments of tourism industry in Portsmouth and the rise in the income level of the local population of due to the development of tourism in the economy resulted in the increase of purchasing power of the people. The increasing dema

Compare and contrast Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Compare and contrast - Essay Example Intellectual capacity and level of known how is basically determined by a country’s level of technology and the percentage of skilled human resources present. In this piece of writing, we explore on the comparison and contrast between studying in the US and Indonesia. The US is far much developed in terms of infrastructure and economic actors compared to Indonesia. The US government has invested much on education and research. For instance, the government has established numerous research centers, libraries and bookshops across the US (Brunsma, 2004).In addition, the US government has established several institutions for higher learning across the country. In fact, every state has enough learning institutions and facilities, from primary to tertiary education. In essence, Access to learning materials and resources has been made easier. On the contrary, the Indonesian education system has been ranked among the worst in the world. The learning infrastructure and resources are limited in Indonesia. The number of public libraries and research centers are fewer compared to those in the US. The number of institutions for higher learning are much less compared those in the US. In fact, it is only a few students in Indonesia who secure places in the avai lable institutions of higher learning. Conducting research in Indonesia is harder than doing it in the US since the available research tools are limited and of low quality. In the US, the quality of teaching staff is incomparable with that of Indonesia. Most institutions for higher learning in the US hire experienced and top quality teaching staff. In fact, for one to qualify to teach in any US institution, he/she must portray an outstanding academic background and tremendous achievement in the education career. In addition, the education system in US requires tutors or lectures to be specialists in the areas that they teach. The ratio of tutor to

Solutions to Stress Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Solutions to Stress - Essay Example Some people develop socio-psychological problems, resulting in low confidence and low adjustment within the given paradigm. Thus, ‘stress’ is the emotional instability in the face of adverse situations. Stress can be broadly defined as ‘the adverse reaction people have to excessive pressures or other types of demand placed upon them’ (HSE, 2001). The more contemporary and scientifically accepted definition recognizes stress as the ‘perceived pressure that exceeds one’s ability to cope’ within the pre-defined socio-psychological parameters (Palmer, Cooper & Thomas, 2006). The cognitive reality of stress has different level of adjustment and therefore, stress level of every person is different. Stress is often perceived as an act of defense against an imagined or actual injustice or threat or it may be an expression of frustration for one’s own inability to face certain situations of life in a manner that would effectively alleviate pain. The diversity of reasons may be attributed to stress that may result in harming others or oneself because a person loses his ability of objectivity and rationale when he or she is under stress. Hence, stress is not good for our welfare and needs to be rationalized to find its root cause and thereby find best measures to control it. The psychological well being is important part of healthy life. Life is not a smooth road and the various obstacles in one’s life may or may not become countless reasons for people to have emotional stress. The traumatic events, the unexpected changes in our personal and professional life or even small things that may not be to our liking may constitute reasons for stress. Insecurities in life may also become key factors for stress. Sometimes, the reason cannot be attributed to one single entity but may be a result of accumulated events or adverse situations that could have reached the limit of

Literature Review on Metamaterial

Literature Review on Metamaterial LITERATURE REVIEW ON METAMATERIAL The Left-Handed Metamaterial (LHM) has a few unique properties such as negative refraction and backward wave. In this chapter, the basic theories behind their unique properties are presented and some applications of LHM toward the antenna application are discussed. DEFINITION BACKGROUND OF LEFT-HANDED METAMATERIAL Electromagnetic Metamaterial can be defined as artificial effective homogenous electromagnetic structures with unusual properties not readily found in nature . A Left-Handed Metamaterial (LHM) [17][18]or Double Negative Metamaterial (DNG) is an electromagnetic Metamaterial that exhibit negative permittivity and permeability. This phenomenon can be characterized by the negative refraction index and the anti-parallel phase velocity which is also known as backward wave. HISTORY OF LEFT-HANDED METAMATERIAL (LHM) The initial work on LHM was started by V. G. Veselago from the Lebedjev Physical Institute in Moscow when he made a theoretical speculation of this artificial material that exhibit negative permittivity and negative permeability. Veselago speculation remain silent for 29 years until 1996, J. B. Pendry from Imperial College London and his co-author form GEC-Marconi published a paper about artificial metallic construction which exhibit negative permittivity and negative permeability. Following this interesting discovery, in 2001, the first experimental verification was made by Shelby, Smith and Schultz at the University of California. The left handed material structure consists of split ring resonator and thin wire inspired by J. B. Pendry as shown in figure 3.1. Figure 3.1: First experimental LHM structure Since the introduction of LHM twelve years ago, many researchers were interested in investigating this artificial material and several of them was using LHM to improve the properties of the microwave devices such as antennas and filters. Many papers have been published regarding the LHM integrated with antennas and their properties have been analyzed. The focusing affect of LHM has made a low gain antenna becomes directive and have an increment of gain. FEATURES OF METAMATERIAL Improvement in the performance of a small monopole antenna, realized via the use of an ENG envelope that compensates for its high capacitive reactance. Lens effect produced by DNG slabs that are useful for enhancing the directivities of a small antennas, e.g. dipole and Microstrip patches, by collimating the cylindrical waves emanating from these antennas and focusing them at infinity. Creation of super lenses which can have a spatial resolution below that of the wavelength. UNIQUE PROPERTIES OF LEFT-HANDED METAMATERIALS Negative Refractive Index: For conventional material with à °Ã‚ Ã…“â‚ ¬r > 0 and à °Ã‚ Ã…“†¡r > 0, the refractive index is givenà °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ¢â‚¬ º=√à °Ã‚ Ã…“†¡Ãƒ °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ… ¸Ãƒ °Ã‚ Ã…“â‚ ¬Ãƒ °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ… ¸, so that the conventional material possesses a positive refractive index. Yet, Left-handed Meta-material has both negative permittivity (à °Ã‚ Ã…“â‚ ¬r à °Ã‚ Ã…“† r à °Ã‚ Ã…“† The Snells law is described as ..3.3.1(a) Where à °Ã‚ Ã…“Æ’2 the incident is angle and à °Ã‚ Ã…“Æ’1 is the refraction angle. Supposing medium I and medium II are conventional materials with à °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ¢â‚¬ º1>0 and à °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ¢â‚¬ º2>0 respectively, them refracted light will be bent with positive ÃŽ ¼ with the normal line OO as indicated by the 4th light ray in figure3.2. If medium II is a left-handed meta-material with à °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ¢â‚¬ º2 Figure 3.2 Passage of a light ray through the boundary between medium I with positive refractive index à °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã‚ Ãƒ °Ã‚ Ã… ¸Ã‚ >0 and medium II with refractive index à °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã‚ Ãƒ °Ã‚ Ã… ¸Ã‚ . The phase velocity expression à °Ã‚ Ã…“-à °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ =à °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ Ãƒ °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ¢â‚¬ º à °Ã‚ Ã…“† shows that the phase velocity à °Ã‚ Ã…“-à °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚  is related to the index of refraction , here c denotes the speed of light in a vacuum. For LHM has negative refractive index (à °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ¢â‚¬ º à °Ã‚ Ã…“† Figure 3.3: The energy flow and group velocity propagate forward in LHMs but the phase velocity is backward Veselago also predicted that the Doppler and Cerenkov effects will be reversed in LHM. An approaching source will appear to radiate at a lower frequency and charged particles moving faster than the speed of light in the medium will radiate in a backward cone, not a forward cone. These two exotic properties are not employed in this Dissertation, however details about them can be found in. LEFT-HANDED METAMATERIAL STRUCTURE The first LHM structure consists of split ring resonator (SRR) and thin wire (TW) or capacitance loaded strip (CLS)[19]. The SRR exhibits the negative value of permeability and the CLS and TW exhibit the negative value of permittivity in a certain range of frequency. Split Ring Resonator (SRR) (b) Figure 3.4: (a) Circular split ring resonator and (b) Square split ring resonator A split ring resonator (SRR) as shown in figure3.4 is part of the LHM structure that exhibit negative value of permeability. If the excitation of the magnetic field is perpendicular to plane of the structure, this will generate the magnetic dipole moment. The SRR is a highly conductive structure in which the capacitance between the two rings balances its inductance . The SRR induces high current density structure which creates a large magnetic moment. Capacitance Loaded Strip (CLS) and Thin Wire (TW) (a) (b) Figure 3.5: (a) Capacitance loaded strip (CLS) and (b) Thin wire (TW) figure 3.5(a) shows the capacitance loaded strip (CLS) and figure 3.5(b) shows the thin wire (TW). CLS and TW would produce strong dielectric like response. As electric field propagates parallel through the TW or CLS, it will induce a current along them. This will generate an electric dipole moment to the structure and exhibit a plasmonic-type of permittivity frequency . CST SOFTWARE CST was founded in 1992 byThomas Weiland. The main product of CST is CST STUDIO SUITE,which comprises A various modules dedicated to specific application areas. There are modules for microwave RF applications, summarized in CST MICROWAVE STUDIO, low frequency (CST EM STUDIO), PCBs and packages (CST PCB STUDIO), cable harnesses (CST CABLE STUDIO), temperature and mechanical stress (CST MPHYSICS STUDIO) and for the simulation of the interaction of charged particles and electromagnetic fields (CST PARTICLE STUDIO). All modules are integrated with a system and circuit simulator (CST DESIGN STUDIO). The version is CST Microwave Studio 2010. Figure 3.6 CST Microwave Studio In next chapter, the design of the LHM is discussed and the procedure in the simulation of the LHM using CST software is elaborated thoroughly. Besides that, the design of the Metamaterial structures, patch Microstrip antennas are also elaborated. CST Microwave Studio is a fully featured software package for electromagnetic analysis and design in the high frequency range. It simplifies the process of inputting the structure by providing a powerful solid modeling front-end which is based on the ACIS modeling kernel. Strong graphic feedback simplifies the definition of Your device even further. After the component has been modeled, a fully automatic meshing procedure (based on an expert system) is applied before the simulation engine is started. The simulators feature the Perfect Boundary Approximation (PBAâ„ ¢ method) and its Thin Sheet Technique (TSTâ„ ¢) extension, which increases the accuracy of the simulation by an order of magnitude in comparison to conventional simulators. Since no method works equally well in all application domains, the software contains four different simulation techniques (Transient solver, Frequency domain solver, Eigenmode solver, Modal analysis solver) which best fit their particular applicat ions. The most flexible tool is the transient solver, which can obtain the entire broadband frequency behavior of the simulated device from only one calculation run (in contrast to the frequency stepping approach of many other simulators). This solver is very efficient for most kinds of high frequency applications such as connectors, transmission lines, filters, antennas and many more.

American Citizenship and Immigration Essay -- Immigration Citizenship

Today the Society is split into three separately minded groups. In no specific ordering, the first is determined to believe that any one person born in the United States is a citizen and which means their parents should become citizens along with them. These are the ones whom obtain â€Å"birthright citizenship† (Raul). The second are firm believers in the only ones that should be citizens are the ones who go through the proper process of becoming a citizen and according to the article in â€Å"USA today,† it states that illegal immigrants are â€Å"having babies as a way to obtain citizenship,† which too many Americans â€Å"cheapens the whole idea of being American†. The last group is the â€Å"other† the ones whom are completely neutral or believe in the beliefs of the first or second group but not down to the word. Possible if they believe the child should get birthrights but not the parents, only the child and mother should get them, or if the y believe that they should get them but still have to work through the proper process to receive them to their full extent. The effects that â€Å"anchor babies† have on society are characterized by how it has changed, how it is misinterpreted, what it takes away from the citizens today, how the supreme court is responding to the effect, and how we as United State citizens can change the outcome of the effect. â€Å"All persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof are citizens of the United States† is part of section one of â€Å"the 14th Amendment†(Walpin). The amendment was adopted in the United States in eighteen sixty-eight. When this was first adopted, according to the fourteenth amendment website, it was done so during â€Å"Post-Civil War reforms focused on injustices to Africa... ..."The Debate Over 'Anchor Babies' And Citizenship." Talk of the Nation (NPR) (n.d.): Newspaper Source. EBSCO. Web. 16 Nov. 2010. . Raul, Reyes. "Not very American: 'Illegal by birth'." USA Today n.d.: Middle Search Plus. EBSCO. Web. 16 Nov. 2010. . Walpin, Gerald. SPECIAL TO THE WASHINTON TIMES. â€Å"14th Amendment neer meant for illegals.† Washington Times, The (DC) (2010): 1. Newspaper Source. EBSCO. Web 10 Nov. 2010. THE WASHINGTON, TIMES. "Anchor babies away." Washington Times, The (DC) (2010): 2. Newspaper Source. EBSCO. Web. 16 Nov. 2010. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nfh&AN=4KB5201008160421 04610016&site=src-live&scope=site.